Running
head: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Violence
against Women
Amirah Atiqah binti Adrein (1660**)
Latifah binti Husaini (1660**)
Semester 3, 2016/2017
Centre for Strategic Continuing
Education & Training
International Islamic University
Malaysia
HSA0364 Writing Skills
Mohd Nazriq bin Noor Ahmad
April 6, 2017
Violence against Women
The contradictory definition of violence is often
misconstrued by the number of occurring misconducts within a limited time
frame. This will underemphasize the immensity of the problem as the victims
suffer from the physical or emotional effects of violence long after it has
ceased. Therefore, the definition of violence is crucial to be understood by
society in order to resolve this issue. To understand violence is to know the
different forms of it; moderate violence includes hushing, slapping and
throwing objects at the respondent, severe violence involves kicking or hitting
the respondent with a fist or with an object, beating up, and threatening or
using a knife or gun whereas sexual violence is only classified as positive if
a respondent was reported having ever been pressured by an offender to perform
a sexual act against their will by means of threats or physical force
(Ellsberg, Heise, Pena, Agurto and Winkvist, 2001).
In order
to identify the magnitude of the problem, research on violence against women
should be conducted. Therefore, the most effective research methods should be
used to obtain optimum results. A study using quantitative and qualitative
research such as pooled multivariate logistic regression analysis and analysis
of six focus-group discussions was executed to interpret the contrast between
the percentages of women experiencing domestic violence from three populations
in Nicaragua (Leon, Managua, Demographic and Health Survey) (Ellsberg, Heise,
Pena, Agurto and Winkvist, 2001). Only when research has been made, we can
carry out the clarification of social policy, asserting that research of civil
society and research of social movements is critical to understand ongoing
social policy change to combat violence against women (Htun and Weldon, 2012).
According
to Htun and Weldon (2012), the researches and changes made in the policy is
handled to refine the status and chances of an underprivileged group, or
oppressed women due to unjust treatment made by society. A study on three
populations in Nicaragua was also made to find the percentages of the
underprivileged group in this case women experiencing violence acts from their
partners or former partners (Ellsberg, Heise, Pena, Agurto and Winkvist, 2001).
Just like
the study mentioned earlier, qualitative method in a form of survey was held in
finding out whether the women from Nicaragua have experienced any type of
violence from their partners or former partners (Ellsberg, Heise, Pena, Agurto
and Winkvist, 2001). Next, quantitative method in a form of regression analysis
technique was used in a research made by Htun and Weldon (2012) to explore the
relationship of responsiveness of women towards violence for 70 countries in
order to determine the immensity of the issue.
Ellsberg,
Heise, Pena, Agurto and Winkvist (2001) used a random sample of 1226 women
representing Leon and Managua and another 378 women that is also randomly
chosen from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to represent the city of
Nicaragua in investigating the percentages of women that has experienced
domestic violence. Then, Htun and Weldon (2012) used systematic sampling to
guarantee the dissimilarity in their independent variables that they have
selected for 70 countries including every region of the world, varying the
grade of democracy, rich and poor countries, a variety of world religions, and
countries with high and low standards of feminist demonstrations.
Numerous arguments on violence
against women were made by researchers. For instance, Ellsberg, Heise, Pena,
Agurto and Winkvist (2001) argued that physical or sexual abuse are one of the
main forms of violence done by their current or former partner. They also
believe both forms of abuse could also affect the fertility of the respondents.
The violation of human rights due to the occurring violence against women was
then discussed by Htun and Weldon (2012) in their research. They then argued on
the perplexing dissimilarities of national policies despite the expansion and
intensifying agreement on the nature of violence against women.
Violence against
women is not a new issue and it is a global indignation. It has existed since
the beginning of time. The involvement or threat of violence, affects the lives
of women everywhere, cutting across boundaries of wealth, race and culture.
However, the effective move to end violence against women is to avoid it from
happening in the first place by addressing its origin and structural causes.
Prevention should start by educating and working with young boys and girls
endorsing respectful communications and gender equality. It is a demanding time
when values and norms around gender equality are counterfeited. In addition,
awareness-raising, social movement and progressive policy change, including
through media and social media, is another crucial element of a competent
prevention strategy. Also, report of violence against women survey can be a
guideline to set priority for combating the violence against women.
Undoubtedly, it is almost impossible to permanently solve the problem. But if
there is the will, the problem can be controlled and reduced. It is everyone’s
duty to make the world as a haven where all members in society have equal
rights and equal priority.
References
Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Pena, R.
Agurto, S., Winkvist, A. (2001, March). Researching Domestic Violence against
Women: Methodological and Ethical Considerations. Studies in Family
Planning, 32(1), 1-16. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696292
Htun, M., Weldon, S. L. (2012,
August). The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence
against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005. The American Political
Science Review, 106(3), 548-569. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275433
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